Becoming a Cosmetologist

Janae Benton English 12 Kujawski 7 Walk 2018 Turning into a Cosmetologist My drawn out objectives is to turn into an authorized Cosmetologist and to seek after a profession in the field of Cosmetology. This fantasy started for me when I was fifteen years of age; it began as a side interest. I would do my sisters hair, my mother's hair, and even my own hair. My energy for doing hair was additionally ignited by watching hair instructional exercises on Youtube and it roused me to be increasingly masterful. At the present time, I'm moving in the direction of getting my GPA up to a 3.0 in light of the fact that I accept this will improve my odds for being acknowledged into a Cosmetology School. I accept that I will be a decent possibility for a Cosmetologist. As I pursue my long lasting dream, I need to realize what are the fundamental essentials required so as to turn into an authorized Cosmetologist, specifically the instructive necessities, just as the character qualities of fruitful individuals in this profession , and work openings inside the business. The standard prerequisites for being acknowledged into a cosmetology school is to have a GED or a secondary school recognition and be in any event 16 years old. The time span to finish the program is as meager as nine months or two years. They will be surveyed with the scalp kneads, styling, hair shading, concoction treatment, and doing cosmetics. Every so often, a few cosmetology understudies begins as a shampooer, in others words, as a volunteer worker.Benton 2 during the time spent being a Cosmetologist you should consider the wellbeing and cleanliness in numerous salons, for example, bacteriology, sanitation, and medical aid. Likewise they have some other preparing necessities so as to take the board test. Assuming that on the off chance that you don't go to for this program it isn't state affirmed then you won't get your permit. â€Å"There are a lot of projects that you might be keen on; it very well may be hair meshing, nail specialist, or cosmetologist (hair, skin, nails, makeup)†. While working, you may need to invest a great deal of energy in your feet while working with customers. â€Å"A part of customer goes to it is possible that the person in question for a suggestion about what styles or hues will function admirably for them.† To hold to the best in class, you can finish the course consistently. â€Å"Numerous of Cosmetologist has earned the authorized and became entrepreneurs however not every person gets the chance to be an entrepreneur†. So there is bounty for you to go into business. Numerous independently employed Cosmetologist start off when by leasing a structure so as to encourage their business.

Hindu Custom of Marriage :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Hindu Custom of Marriage Hinduism started in Ancient India a huge number of years back. Hindu traditions vary incredibly from the ones we practice in the western world. This paper examines the Hindu custom of marriage and the desires for those to be marry. Men are required to wed so as to carry on the family heredity. Ladies are urged to wed to help mitigate their money related weight from their folks (Sullivan 135). A wedding happens after a man has completed his investigations, accomplished the authorization of his instructor, washed, and played out the custom for homecoming. The dad of the young lady dresses and embellishes his little girl, and gets 2-4 dairy animals and bulls (O'Flaherty 101). The man and his significant other to be stroll around a fire multiple times while they avow their marriage promises to the went with refrains from the Veda (Sullivan 135). The Lawbook of Manu contains a rundown of qualities a spouse ought not have. She ought not originate from a family that has surrendered the ceremonies, a family without any young men, one that doesn't recite the Veda. Some more qualities that are not worthy are ladies with shaggy bodies, who have utilization, frail assimilation, awful recollections, and furthermore disease. Ladies that are redheads, have additional appendages, are wiped out, bare, go on and on, are ashen, excessively fat or excessively slim, excessively tall or excessively shrunken, over the hill, or coming up short on an appendage or attached to quarreling are likewise not adequate for marriage. A hostile name can decide a lady's worth. Awful names incorporate ones that have to do with a star grouping, tree, or waterway, low rank names, names of mountains, and fowls or snakes. Slave names and fearsome names are likewise to be maintained a strategic distance from. Ladies with these kinds of names are not to be hitched by the qualities that must be met for a lady to be satisfactory for marriage. A lady fit for marriage ought to have total appendages, a wonderful name, should walk like a swan or elephant, have fine hair on her body and on her head, sensitive appendages, and ought not have huge teeth. A man should take a spouse of a similar class (O'Flaherty 101-102), however in the event that a marriage takes place across station limits, at that point it is quite often the lady wedding into a higher position (Fuller 14).â Marriages are frequently orchestrated while the young lady is just a youngster. The Manava Dharma Sastra and other legitimate writings imagine that a man of thirty wed a young lady of twelve (Sulliv an 135).

Boosting the Impact of Nicotine With Ammonia

Boosting the Impact of Nicotine With Ammonia January 07, 2020 Kartik Jasti Photography/Creative(RF)/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. Ammonia is a toxic, colorless gas with a very sharp odor. It occurs naturally in the environment and is also a product of human activity. Ammonia compounds are commonly used in cleaning products and fertilizers. Ammonia is also used to boost the impact of nicotine in manufactured cigarettes. In the landmark Minnesota Tobacco Trial of 1998, a number of facts about how tobacco companies manipulated cigarette ingredients in a way to speed and intensify nicotine addiction for consumers were made public. Among them was the discovery that the tobacco industry was one of the biggest consumers of ammonia in the United States. It Started With Low-Tar Cigarettes Low-tar cigarettes were introduced as a safer cigarette after numerous links were made between smoking and cancer in the late 50s. Filters were added as a way to catch the tar, and tiny holes in the filter were meant to dilute cigarette smoke entering the lungs. However, it appeared that lowering the tar content also lowered the amount of nicotine available to smokers. Tobacco executives called it a lack of smoking satisfaction, but the truth is that less nicotine might mean fewer addicts. That was counter-productive for an industry that relied on nicotine addiction to grow and maintain its customer base. Tobacco company researchers began exploring ways to boost the impact of nicotine in cigarettes for smokers. It turns out ammonia is a good way to accomplish that goal. Two Forms of Nicotine Nicotine molecules exist in two forms, acid (bound) and base (free). In tobacco smoke, free nicotine molecules vaporize more easily than bound nicotine molecules. Once nicotine vaporizes into a gas, it is quickly absorbed by the lungs and distributed throughout the body. Tobacco manufacturers discovered that adding ammonia to the cigarette manufacturing process helped convert bound nicotine molecules in tobacco smoke into free nicotine molecules by raising their pH. This process is known as freebasing. Similar to the chemical process of freebasing cocaine, the end result is an enhanced effect of the drug on the user. Tobacco companies also lowered the amount of sugar in cigarettes in order to increase alkalinity and the amount of free nicotine molecules in cigarette smoke. Expert testimony for the state at the Minnesota Tobacco Trial was offered by Channing Robertson, a professor of chemical engineering at Stanford University. According to Mr. Robertson, a look into internal tobacco company documents showed that in 1965, scientists at R.J. Reynolds were trying to understand why Philip Morris Marlboro brand was more popular than their Winston brand. They discovered that Philip Morris was using ammonia in Marlboro cigarettes, and when R.J. Reynolds followed suit in the 1970s by adding ammonia to Winston cigarettes, they too, began to gain ground with consumers. By 1989, according to tobacco documents, upwards of 10 million pounds of ammonia compounds were being used annually by companies  manufacturing cigarettes. Other Shady Nicotine Research At the same time, research into  ways to increase the nicotine in tobacco plants was underway. Professor Robertson testified that Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation genetically engineered tobacco plants that yielded twice the normal amount of nicotine. Y-1 as it was called in company documents was used in commercially produced cigarettes sold in the states. And those holes in filters meant to dilute the smoke and tar going into smokers lungs? One tobacco memo showed how those holes also raised the pH level of the smoke, increasing the amount of nicotine delivered to smokers. Its All About Customer Satisfaction, Right? Big Tobacco maintains the nicotine kick smokers receive when lighting up by using ammonia in tobacco processing is only meant to increase smoking satisfaction. One could more accurately describe freebasing nicotine with ammonia as deliberate manipulation to keep smokers addicted, and provide a quicker road to addiction for new smokers. Lets face it. The tobacco industry is ruthless in its pursuit of gaining and keeping customers. They are willing to do whatever it takes to keep smokers addicted because if it werent for addiction, no one would smoke. Chemicals in Cigarettes To date, science has identified over 7,000 chemicals in cigarette smoke, including upwards of 250 poisonous and 70 carcinogenic compounds. If youre still smoking, gather some supplies, set a date, and get started with smoking cessation. Youll never regret it.

How Much Gold Exists And Its Value Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2434 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Gold is determined by the inflation, the U.S dollar and U.S. stock market unpredictability. Gold has always held a special charm and fascination in peoples minds. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Much Gold Exists And Its Value Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Possibly it is the colour, weight, or the fact that over time it has come to symbolize an elemental resource for value and wealth. After a small research on the World Gold Council website, we can found that an estimate which pegged the total amount of mined gold from old era to the present, calculated at 158,000 tonnes. This is a very large number, but one thing is very difficult to get close to peoples heart. It can be shared through the population of the world and there are approximately 23 grams per person and is about 1.2 cubic centimetres each. This is equivalent to about $250-$350 per person value of the earth and is according to current prices. Now, we would like to describe how does one tonne of gold look like? There has been 158,000 tonnes of gold have been recovered from the earth and we assuming that is in 24K form of purity, and then will be converted into 5,079,817,925 troy ounces. If a cubic centimetre of 24K gold equals to 19.3 grams, and then a cubic meter of gold would weigh 19.3 tonnes. Likewise all the gold ever mined would amount to 8,187 cubic meters. Lets say all the gold in the world able to fit in a 20.15 meter cube, or 66 feet 1.3 inches square,ÂÂ  and then it will be the size of a small office building.ÂÂ  There are between 120,000 and 140,000 tonnes of gold now in the world. To imagine a single and pure gold cube with edges of about 19 metres which thats all that has ever been produced. The length is about 3 metres short of length of a tennis court. It is about 3 metres long of the length of a tennis court. In reality, a considerable number of 19 metres is shorter than a tennis court, and include all private holdings of gold coins, bars and the world jewellery. The worlds monetary gold reserve is a block of one quarters of that particular volume whereas Americas gold reserve is only one quarter only. Nowadays, there is not enough gold left in the ground. There are generally about 50,000 tonnes not yet un-mined and will charge an extra of $300 an ounce to mine the gold. After the detailed worldwide reviews, the mining industry compromise that huge mineral deposit found out that they are a thing which from the past. It can be shared amongst the population of the world and there are about 23 grams per person, about 1.2 cubic centimetres each. This is equivalent to $250-$350 per person and it will rely on the current price also. What is gold worth? The cube value which likes a short tennis court is about $1.8 trillion. By contrast, the U.S government spent $690 trillion until Year1971 was partially supported gold sovereign debt. The United States gold reserves are more than 8000 tonnes which is about 6% of the total gold mining. So, it is worth approximately $100 billion or 15% of the U.S national debt. The cube value, $1.8trillion is one fourteenth of the international bond market. $26 trillion is the western government of ruler debt constituted about two third and almost all the debt have emerged. Since Year 1971; government announced the first notes and that time government borrowing without any alert. At the present value, the gold content that will be pay is about 7% of paper based international bond market. However, the 75% of the worlds gold is not provided enough to the governments. They are being held as a private jewellery, gold and gold coins. The worlds gold is only 30,000 tonnes which is 1% of the worlds sovereign debt that was held in central bank as gold reserves. At the same time, gold stock that in the world including the majority of personally held. The underwritten risk is far less than one half of 1% in the global financial derivatives market. Nowadays, people have a strong reliance in paper notes. Investors have evaded gold for almost twenty years and at the same time as the value of gold based on financial assets has been blow up. Who owns the gold? The central bank vault held about 30,000 tonnes of the worlds gold which is 20 to 25 in percentage form. The Major Central Bank Reserves are shown at below: Nations and institutions Reserves (Tonnes) USA 8139 Germany 3469 IMF 3217 France 3025 Switzerland 2590 Italy 2452 The one that remain of gold jewellery which is about 70,000 tonnes to 80,000 tonnes, coins and personal owned bullion which about 20,000 tonnes is held by individual in the society. After the main holders that shows above the diagram, the total for others countrys central bank falls speedily. Most of the central bank just holds a hundred something tonnes and they make up about 30,000 tonnes together it. The beginning of Californias gold speeding in Year 1848, there has 90% of the gold on the ground had mined. South Africa is the worlds biggest produce gold which has the average production cost, $238 per troy ounce. The worldwide average production cost is $300 per troy ounce which estimated by Federal Reserve Board. Modern machinery and chemicals have declined the price of gold while its price is going to be raised. Why Investors Own Gold? First, lets talk about gold. The price of gold determined by the changes of supply and demand and this can affect the spending of consumers. Gold is unlike from other valued metals, example, platinum, silver, diamond and palladium[1]. This is because the demand for those valued metal mainly appeared from the industrial application. At the beginning, gold is produced for treasure. Now, gold become worldwide acceptance that as a store of value and at the same time it is money also. Relative to other commodities, gold as we know that, it will not expire, blemish or rust and there are no substitute good for gold. There is no difference between thousands years agos gold mined and todays gold mined. In the future, we believed that although the U.S dollars currencies hit great cash in monetary history, the gold still can remain its place in the Global Financial System. The value of gold will raise compare to most national currencies. When East Central Bank buying outstrips West Central Bank selling, and it will in the not-too-distant future, the other remarkably bullish fundamentals for gold will take over and drive the gold price to levels that most people can scarcely imagine today. (John Embry, Investors Digest, March 4, 2005) There are 6 reasons showed that why investors want to own gold: As a hedge against inflation As a hedge against a declining dollars As a safe haven in times of geopolitical and financial market instability As a commodity, based on gold supply and demand fundamentals As a store of value As a portfolio diversifier As a hedge against inflation Why gold known as a hedge against inflation? When inflation goes up, the price of gold will increase also. The highest inflation in U.S was Year 1956,1974,1975,1979 and 1980. The averages real return on gold was 130.4% during those five years. To create perfect inflationary storm, there are few factors are scheming, which are government tax cut, a huge trade deficit, declining in dollars and Americas status as biggest debtor. Commoditys price increase regard to the weakening of U.S dollar. There will be no doubt that oil prices will affect gold price although the both not exactly reflect each others. If oil price increase or decrease, investors can anticipate an equivalent effect in gold price. Nevertheless, gold is still being mined and advanced at the rate of almost 2,600 tonnes for every year. So, the world gold supply above the ground is going up. The rate of gold supply is rising at about 12 centimetres annually. Thus, after 20 years more, gold will reach a full tennis court siz ed cube. For extra information, in 1968, there have 2 upward movements in the gold price. The first one took place in Year between 1972 and 1974 when the oil price up to 325%, which mean $2.44 to$10.36. At the same period, gold price rose again to 268% from $47.75 to$174.76. The second one for the price happened between Year 1978 and Year 1980, means that oil price increased about 105%, from $12.70 to $26.00. Gold price went up 254%, which from 4178.33 to $631.40. As a hedge against a declining dollars Any declining in U.S dollar will affect the price of gold to goes up or down as gold is bought and sold in U.S currencies. As a safe haven in times of geopolitical and financial market instability Even America is the only superpower in the world, but there will be numerous of trouble decaying the whole world. Gold also named as crisis commodity, it able to perform better in other investment when the time of people worry a lots. On top of that, when dreadful economy comes, the bank for sure falls badly. For those poor bank also will bring down the whole economy. The combination of the universal economy for economic and banking has to stable back the world economy which is a most vital thing to the world. When crisis happen, people will change their mind, disbelieve to paper notes and start to trust gold as a safe haven. Government save themselves by making their money currency become worthless and let gold more valued. Gold will always gives government more secure as gold will rise if the government is in lowest situation. As a commodity, based on gold supply and demand fundamentals Gold mined, copper, lead and other metals are declining. It found difficulty in release new mines as the production of the process takes about 7 year times and also difficulty to cope the supply rapidly. South Africa is the biggest gold producer in the world. Since 1931, South Africa drop to the lowest stage due to high price in gold for already 16 years. As we know that, India is the biggest country that purchasing gold in the earth. Chinas is growing rapidly in economy. Both countries have the freedom in their laws and regulations regard to the golds import and export that will help purchasing gold in a numerous amount. China is expected to be the second biggest developed country by Year 2020, which the economy is growth is 9% per year. American consumes more on Chinese products which is $162 billion for last year. Lately, the 4 majors commercial banks in China acknowledge selling gold bars to people after they had passed the countrys regulation. Before the acknowledgement, people only can purchase gold-backed certificates from the bank only. As a store of value Gold is an asset that can always remain the same value on it, which mean its value will not vanish when market collapse. So, this is the attractiveness for people who owned gold. The price of gold is unpredictable in short term, however gold able to maintain its value. An economist, Stephen Harmston of Bannock Consulting had made some comment in a 1998 report for the World Gold Council. As a portfolio diversifier Lastly, investors would like to expand their portfolio, the most efficient way to diversify portfolio and keep the wealth that formed in the stock and financial markets is invest towards assets that adversely corresponded with markets. This is why gold will as a portfolio diversifier because it is an adversely corresponded asset to the stock markets. Mostly investment advisors known that portfolio diversifier can better the portfolio performance. Searching investments that are uncorrelated to each other is the way to diversification. In order to the risk reduction, most of the investors combine asset like gold with stock and bond. The reason is stocks and bonds are fairly directly corresponded with each others. Gold had a low correspondence with bonds and stocks previously. Gold is significant for a diversified portfolio due to the reaction of price. Gold also allocation as a hedge against the corrosion of purchasing power of paper notes consumption by people. Gold still underground Those un-mined gold shows in the mining companies as reserves where any of the reasonable and confidence that can be extract economically. The reserves that remain are about 40% of the total of gold above ground which is about 50,000 tonnes. There are 50% of un-mined gold which is the worlds recognized stock in South Africa. According to Metal Economics Group, the main gold producers increased their reserves that had reported to 719.7 million or more than 22,000 tonnes at the end of 2005. If 10% recovery of losses when the extraction of ore, which mean it is equal to 14 years level of gold production in Year 2005. Inelastic supply Inelastic supply also can say as inflexible supply for gold. This is because gold is hard to find a substitute for it. For gold mined production, it really need long times, usually 5 years times and require a lot of money. This will result the supply curve of the gold equation be constant. When there is a roar times, everyone is courage to invest in and will takes a great period in gold mined production at the end. Then, a decision will make on excess inflated for the price that will be attain in the end. However, there is an inclination to ensuing over-production for the attainable price. The golds price roar in Year 1979 and 1980 brought up growing production from bottom to the peak of 1200 tonnes to 2600 tonnes in Year 1999 respectively. All major countries producing excluding South Africa that considerably increased production in this period. Once the production started to falls, gold mined will also become worthless. The undistinguished gold market resulted in reduction for the investigation. Hence, a lesser number of new gold mined waiting to be produce than demands anticipation from the market. Physical gold quantities The table below showed the comparison of kilogram quantities for gold with monetary values, spatial volumes, and meaningful human measurements. Kilograms Value @ 390$ / Oz Litres How much 0.008 $100 0.00041 A British sovereign coin 0.031 $390 0.00161 US Eagle / Canadian Maple coin 0.100 $1,254 0.00518 0.500 $6,269 0.02591 1 $12,539 0.0518 1 kilo a golf ball sized sphere 2 $25,077 0.1036 3 $37,616 0.1554 4 $50,154 0.2073 5 $62,693 0.2591 6 $75,231 0.311 A can of Coke 7 $87,770 0.363 8 $100,309 0.415 9 $112,847 0.466 10 $125,386 0.518 12 $156,000 0.645 A standard 400 oz bullion bar 20 $250,772 1.04 A litre bottle of water 50 $626,929 2.59 100 $1,253,858 5 A good sized deposit box 1,000 $12,538,580 52 10,000 $125,385,802 518 Half a cubic metre fits in a corner of a small bank vault. 100,000 $1,253,858,025 5,181 ÂÂ   1,000,000 $12,538,580,000 51,813 A small living room and more than twice Britains gold reserve. 8,139,000 $102,051,504,000 421,710 The US gold reserve fits into a town house.ÂÂ   Fort Knox is mostly empty space! 30,000,000 $376,163,190,000 1,554,404 The worlds total financial reserve of gold (central banks + significant global financial institutions) 100,000,000 $1,253,858,024,000 5,181,347 The approximate total of all privately held jewellery, bullion and coin 140,000,000 $1,755,401,234,000 7,253,886 All the gold in the world A block with edges 3 metres short of a standard sized tennis court. $7,000,000,000,000 The current US sovereign debt (which excludes future pension and health obligations, none of which have been reserved against in the public accounts)

Retail Information System - 5005 Words

Chapter 12 Retail Information Systems Retail Information Systems WHAT YOU W ILL LEARN  § What system modules and functions you should look for in purchasing a new retail system. Names, phone numbers and web site addresses for some of the best Canadian distributors of retail system software. What you can expect to pay for a state-of-the-art retail information system. How to perform â€Å"reference checks† when evaluating a retail system you are considering. Why leasing computer software and equipment makes sense. How to calculate the â€Å"Return on Investment† when considering a system upgrade.  §  §  §  §  § It has been said that not having a good, reliable retail information The computer is an invaluable tool in processing†¦show more content†¦Purchase Order Module This critical area should be examined closely to ensure it handles all of the specific functions for your type of store. If they are relevant to your operation, check to see if it has the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Size colour matrix. Landed cost calculations. Back order tracking. Staggered shipping dates. Pre-distribution capabilities. Sale pricing. 3 Chapter 12 Retail Information Systems As well, see how â€Å"user friendly† your potential system is by entering a purchase order and receiving merchandise against it. à ¼ Tip Interfacing capabilities with a third party report writer gives you more flexibility in seeing the data you want in the format you require. Merchandising and Inventory Management Merchandising and inventory management are a series of printed and on-screen reports that provide the tools to make timely decisions. Most syst ems come with plenty of â€Å"canned† reports. The challenge is to find â€Å"summary† reports that offer management top-level information, highlighting both problem and opportunity areas. Once an area is identified, drill-down capabilities will allow you to generate additional detailed reports with the specific information necessary to act. For example, a high level report on store sales and gross margins by department will usually prompt further questions such as â€Å"Why is the margin at this store so low? What are theShow MoreRelatedBusiness Information Systems Of The Drugstore Retail Industry1410 Words   |  6 PagesThe Drugstore retail industry is a $31.4 Billion industry across Canada and continues to grow steadily (Industry Canada, 2015). There are many competitors in the drugstore retail market in Canada both small and large. With the entrance of large American companies such as Walmart and even their very own parent company Loblaw’s, Shoppers has been forced to be at the top of their game to stay ahead in the drug retail market. 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Contrasting English with Other Language Free Essays

string(19) " is in the future\." Q: Contrast English with one other language with respect to TWO particular points of grammar or vocabulary. With reference to that point of grammar/vocabulary, state how native speakers of these languages would be predicted to differ in their thinking or perception if we accept the linguistic relativity hypothesis. How might you test this prediction experimentally? This essay will discuss the linguistic relativity hypothesis contrasting the English language with the most common Chinese dialect, Mandarin. We will write a custom essay sample on Contrasting English with Other Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now The question of whether or not the language we speak shapes how we view the world has interested the fields of anthropology, psychology and linguistics for many years. Using two aspects of vocabulary, which I have chosen to be that of ‘space’ and ‘time’, I will attempt to predict how native Mandarin and English speakers may differ in their conceptions of the sequential order of time. Following these predictions I will outline a proposed method as to test the predictions experimentally. A definition and brief history of how the linguistic relativity hypothesis developed into what it is today is the necessary starting platform for this essay. Today and indeed spanning back through this century, Benjamin Lee Whorf is most commonly associated with the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. (Slobin, 1996, p. 70). However it is due to the arguments and advancing hypotheses of Hamann, Herder, Humboldt, Boas and Sapir that brought about today’s view of linguistic relativism (Gumperz Levinson, 1996, p. 2). Hamann was the first German philosopher to bring light and discussion to the relationship of language and cognitive thinking. In 1762 Hamann recorded many ideas with attribute to linguistic relativism in his work ‘Kreuzzuge des Philologen’. Here Hamann states how â€Å"Language did not originate from thought, but its origin had been prior to thought, for thought presupposes a language in which it might manifest itself† (Beek, 2005, p. 7). Herder was Hamann’s student and it is visible in his work that he was influenced by the teachings of Hamann. The progression of this discussion began as Herder believed that language was a result of psychological, historical and natural forces, (McAfee, 2004, p. 28), and had no divine origin as thought by Hamann. Whorf also shared this belief among others with Herder. Whorf put such eliefs into his studies, the prevalent shared theory being that â€Å"external features of a particular language could provide clues to its inner character† (McAfee, 2004, p. 28). The 19th century paved way for the German philosopher and language theorist, Humboldt. Whorf drew many of his theories from those of Humboldt’s. Humboldt strongly believed that language and thought were one and that with the absence of language, cognition could not be articulated clearly, (McAfee 2004, p. 28). Humboldt is the first mentioned in this essay to seek a substantial amount of evidence in order to prove or further predict his thoughts on linguistic relativity. Due to lack of concrete information present in the linguistic comparative research field, Humboldt backed up his claims by using evidence from non-western languages (Beek 2005, p. 8). One of his studies examined the different amount of words for the animal ‘elephant’, in the English and Sanskrit languages. He found that in comparison to the English word ‘elephant’ which carries only one meaning, there were several words for elephant in the Sanskrit language denoting many meanings. His concluding thoughts on this were that because of the differences in their vocabulary, the English and the Sanskrit would perceive the animal differently. This led Humboldt to further believe that each culture had its own world view, a theory known and adapted by Whorf as ‘Weltanschauung’ (McAfee, 2004, p. 29) Humboldt’s theory ‘Weltanschauung’ was brought to America by the founder of the American School of Anthropology, Boas. This was due to the fact that Boas shared Humboldt’s view that each culture had a distinct identity and could only be fully understood through the study of its history, society, traditions and of course language (McAfee, 2004, p. 9). Boas, teacher of Sapir (Sapir, teacher of Whorf), was credited by Whorf with his theory that different exotic cultures exemplify different methods of thinking. It was Sapir that introduced Whorf to the claims made by his teacher, Boas. Whorf took this theory and altered it, stating that unlike Boas, he felt that it was linguistic structures rather than conceptual differences that led to different world views of different cultures (McAfee 2004, p. 29). Sapir argues that through his article entitled â€Å"The status of linguistics as a science† it is the language of a society that shapes the world we live in. Sapir blatantly states that human beings are â€Å"at the mercy† of the language they speak. Whorf, learning and drawing from each of his predecessors gave meaning to his hypothesis of linguistic relativity where he believes that it is the different grammars of languages that lead to different types of observations and evaluations of â€Å"externally different facts of observation† (Gumperz Levinson, 1996, p. 6). Therefor it can clearly be seen that although the linguistic relativity hypothesis has come to being more commonly known as the ‘Whorfian Hypothesis’, it is not only Whorf who should be accredited with the hypothesis, but all minds that lead to the final wordings of Whorf. However, in today’s society and with the advancement of cognitive science, Whorf’s claims cannot stand alone. His view has been dissipated. Now leading the research are Lera Boroditsky, John A. Lucy and Stephen C. Levinson. These linguists are concerned with answering the question â€Å"Does language shape thought? , and relying more on evidence than thoughts and theories. This essay will conform to the modern resurgence of the question â€Å"Does language shape thought? † Different languages have different vocabularies. Do people of different languages view the world differently because of their respective vocabularies? More specifically, does the differing vocabulary associated with space and time associated with different languages affect the speaker’s cognitive conceptions of the sequential order of time? Of course, many aspects of time are common to all languages and therefor cultures. For example, yesterday is in the past and tomorrow is in the future. You read "Contrasting English with Other Language" in category "Language" Indeed these concepts are universal across all languages. However, what is not universally accepted by all languages regarding the above statement is the sequential order of yesterday and tomorrow. For native English speakers, tomorrow would be thought to be in front of you, forward. Yesterday would be thought to be behind you, backwards. This is due to the use of the English language’s spatial terms representing time. ‘In front’ and ‘behind’ are spatial terms that shape the thoughts of English people’s perception of time. This statement is meaningless without the comparison of another language with different conceptions of special awareness involving time. Mandarin. Mandarin also uses the spatial terms ‘in front’ (‘qian’) and ‘behind’ (‘Beihou’) when talking about time. However, unlike the English language, Mandarin uses vertical spatial morphemes to talk about the order of events, for example, tomorrow, yesterday, next month, last year etc. Boroditsky (2011, p. 1305-1328) Events that are yet to happen i. e. in the future are thought to be ‘up’ (‘shang’) and events in that have already happened i. . past events are thought to be ‘down’ (‘xia’) (Boroditsky et al, 2010, p. 1). There are some minor cases where English speakers do refer to time using vertical spatial terms, e. g. â€Å"Things will be better down the line. † However it has been proven that Mandarin speakers think about time vertic ally more frequently than English speakers do (Boroditsky et al, 2010, p. 2). An experiment to verify this can be seen through Chan and Bergen’s workings, â€Å"Writing direction in? uences spatial cognition. Where a group of native English and Mandarin speakers were asked to spatially arrange temporal sequences shown to them in pictures, 30% of the time Mandarin speakers arranged the pictures vertically as opposed to the English speakers who didn’t arrange them vertically once. There are in fact many experiments to test the linguistic relativity hypotheses, regarding whether English and Mandarin speakers differ in their thinking and perception of time using spatial metaphors. The leader in this current field of research is the aforementioned Lera Boroditsky. Boroditsky has carried out many studies on this specific topic. Does Language Shape Thought? : Mandarin and English Speakers’ Conceptions of Time† published in 2001, Boroditsky deliberates the questi on, ‘Is processing altered in the long term by the use of metaphors†. In 2008, Boroditsky revisited the topic, carrying out further experiments concluding the Mandarin speakers are more inclined to arrange time vertically. The paper was titled â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think differently about time? † Boroditsky’s latest research and publishing’s, entitled â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? has concluding experiments that claim to the affirmative of the relative linguistic hypothesis. Boroditsky’s previous workings did not consider the importance of the pairing of primes and targets. In her most recent studies it shows that disregarding these aspects will lead to further interference and instability. There are numerous methods of predicting if English and Mandarin speakers conceive different conceptions of the sequential order of time. Firstly, each race must be tested in their own language. Testi ng Mandarin speakers through English or vice versa introduces unnecessary variables into the experiment. If Mandarin speakers were to be tested through English it would inevitably test if Mandarin speakers think differently when they speak English. The question of whether they think differently to English speakers would not be properly examined and answered, as they would be thinking habitually but rather how their newly acquired language has influenced them to speak (assuming the legitimacy of the Relative Linguistic Hypothesis. ) The test would separate a group of native English and Mandarin speakers into their native languages. Each participant is given 3 magnets with pictures on them. One magnet depicts a picture of a sitting high up on a tree. The next picture sees the boy falling off of the tree. The final picture comprises of the boy on the ground crying. Each participant is then asked in their native language to stick their magnets, in order of events onto a magnetic board secured onto a wall. Presumably, assuming that Mandarin speakers construct time on a vertical axis, their pictures would be placed vertically. With the first picture placed at the bottom of the vertical line and the final picture at the top of the vertical line. How Native Speakers of These Languages Would Be In comparison it would be assumed that English speakers would place the pictures horizontally from left to right in starting order. The evidence from this experiment, would suggest that due to the different alignments of the pictures, Mandarin speakers do think differently to English speakers regarding the sequential order of time. With the available evidence from Lera Boroditsky’s 2010 publication, â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? † There proves to be many plausible, evidence based methods for testing the question do English and Mandarin speakers think differently? Boroditsky’s most recent experiments takes 181 people, 118 were native English speakers and 63 were native Mandarin speakers whom also spoke English. The procedure involved projections of Woodey Allen’s face on a screen. There were two pictures, the first was shown on a fixed point on the screen for 2 seconds and the second was then shown in the same position. The second picture stayed there until the participants answered the question. The question posed to them was whether the second picture of Woody Allen was taken at an earlier or later stage in his life than the first. To answer the question the participants had to press a key on a keyboard, one labelled earlier and one labelled later. The position of the keys were arranged into four groups. The first group, tested on 51 native English speakers and 26 Mandarin speakers, had their keyboards lying flat on the table top. The keys were on the horizontal axis, the left key labelled earlier and the right key labelled later in the first group. The left key labelled later and the right key labelled earlier in the second group. For the remainder of participants, 67 native English speakers and 37 Mandarin speakers, their keyboards were positioned vertically to the table top. The keys were respectively arranged in a vertical order. The bottom key labelled earlier and the top key labelled later in the first group. The bottom key labelled later and the top key labelled earlier in the second group. The reasoning behind this experiment was that assuming people habitually represent time on a horizontal or vertical axis, asking them to view the axis in an incongruent order to their automatic reasoning, should cause an interference. The results coincided with this reasoning. As discussed previously, both Mandarin and English speakers use horizontal spatial terms to represent time and both groups showed a canonicality effect on the horizontal axis. However as proven, Mandarin speakers think of time more frequently on the vertical axis than English speakers do. Only Mandarin speakers responded faster when the earlier key was placed on top in the vertical axis on the keyboard. This study clearly suggests that Mandarin speakers do think about the sequential order of time differently to English speakers. Mandarin speakers make explicit use of the vertical axis regarding time more often than English speakers. With reference to the question posed by the linguistic relativity hypothesis, â€Å"Does language shape thought? † the prediction of whether English and Mandarin speakers view the sequence of time differently was affirmed. Through the discussion of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis it became clear that the origins and developments of the hypothesis were needed in order to establish the exact question that was being asked in this essay. The question was then specified to refer to two different languages, which were as mentioned, Mandarin and English. The thought questioned was that of time. The vocabulary dealt with was ‘space’ and ‘time’ and how they combine to comprise of different thoughts to the speakers of the languages. The conclusion and answer to the central question of this essay was yes, English speakers and Mandarin speakers do think differently. Mandarin speakers are much more likely to think about time on a vertical axis while English speakers think about time on a horizontal plane. The question â€Å"Does language shape thought? † has been a topic that has spanned the centuries and perplexed anthropologists, linguists and psychologists. It seems this question has enlightened people over the centuries too, and the thought of language affecting cognition has been a desired theory. Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne is known to have said â€Å"to have a second language, is to have a second soul. † References Beek, W. 2005. Linguistic Relativism, Variants and Misconceptions. Boroditsky, L. Fuhrman, O. et al. 2010. Do English and Mandarin Speakers think about time differently? CA: Elsevier B. V. Boroditsky, l. Chen, E. 2011. How Linguistic and Cultural Forces Shape Conceptions of Time: English and Mandarin Time in 3D. Cognitive Science Society, Inc. Gumperz, J. J. Levinson, C. S. 1996. Rethinking Linguistic Relativity. New York: Cambridge University Press. McAfee, C. 2004. The Linguistic Relativity Theory and Benjamin Lee Whorf. The McMaster Journal of Communication. Volume 1, Issue 1. Slobin, I. D. 1996. From â€Å"Thought and Language† to â€Å"Thinking for Speaking†. Cambridge University Press. How to cite Contrasting English with Other Language, Essays

Management Perspective Chinas Food Scare

Question: Desribe about the Management Perspective for Chinas Food Scare. Answer: Introduction Organizational behavior, politics and business dynamics affects and alters behaviors of individuals and leaders who form a part of the organization(Balthazard, 2006). Often organizational culture is against the personal choices and determining factors for individuals which gives rise to conflict within self. An individual within an organization is able to perform ones the organizational politics and dynamics matches with the personal mind framework, this aspect determines the personal fit into the organization vision and mission along with strategies. Leaders and employees in various organizations often face role conflict, which arises from ones own personal ethical set-up against various organizational stakeholders demands. The report is an analysis of self in Mc Donalds organizational cultural set up, the various ethical dilemmas and issues faced. Further the report goes on to discuss the various steps taken that can alter the performance of ones self in the organization and give r ise to less of organizational conflict. Mc Donalds has been criticized to conduct various deceptive marketing practices and unethical conduct due to their managers and leaders behavior. These ethical practices have done more harm to the organization than good in markets of China and India(Witkowski, 2007). Personal SWOT of self will highlight the discrepancies with the organization and will also help in diagnosing better self-improvement skills for organizational betterment. Analysis of Self While I was working within an organization it was in my best interest to adapt to the organizational culture that is practiced(Hansen, 2007). Often an individual while adapting oneself to the organizational politics and dynamics faces ethical dilemma that not hampers oneself but also does greater harm to the organization. Mc Donalds in China has been found to be selling low quality food products, often rotten food and adapting to deceptive marketing practices for attracting large number of customers. As I was employed in Mc Donalds it was my foremost duty and vision to change these practices and adopt ethical norms for the company. China offers a large market of potential customers for Mc Donalds and the company has a good brand name world over. Hence resorting to unethical practices will lead to company losses and raise future sustainability issues in the Chinese market. Customers will avert the company due to its malpractices, as customers today have immense access to a wide variet y of information(Quast, 2013). As an individual with ethical vision the strength is to conduct business corporate social responsibility. But following such practices have led to un-acceptance amongst many in the organizational set-up with an unethical mid set-up. The following are the highlights of personal SWOT analysis as viewed by self and others in the organization. SWOT is an abbreviation for Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats. Personal SWOT Strength: Ethical personal orientation, as seen by self Capability to lead a team, as considered by self Competences to motivate individuals in a team, according to self-assessment High ability to work hard and diligently to achieve organizational goals, as seen by others in the organization Weakness: Inability to adopt to current unethical practices within organization, as considered by self Incompetence to adhere to current deceptive marketing practices followed in the organization, as considered by self Unable to apply and convince ethical practices successfully amongst various organizational stakeholders, as considered by self Unawareness regarding Chinese religious and cultural values, as seen by others in the organization Opportunity : To initiate a change process within the organization To apply CSR norms and practices amongst stakeholders in Mc Donalds To be able to recreate Mc Donalds tainted brand image in the country again Threat : Initial losses to business following marketing practices that stresses on healthy eating Loss in customer base in potential market Losing market share to competitors(Buttles, 2006) During my working stint, I have handled new crew members working with me and I have done exceptionally well at leading them. At times, certain mistakes were conducted which brought in scolding from the restaurant manager. At such times, I motivated the employees and ensured that their morale was not adversely impacted. I have great affinity for people and hence able to forge an amicable personal bond with both colleagues and superiors. As a result, I was immensely popular at my workplace. However, there are certain issues that I faced. One was with regards to ethical flexibility which I was expected to show so as to serve companys business interest. However, I could not effectively indulge in the same as my personal value system does not permit such a behavior. Due to lack of conviction with regards to these practices, I could not convince my colleagues with regards to the utility of the same. However, others also propagated that it is a basic necessity as even the competition is indulging in the same. At times, I had to face embarrassment at workplace and with customers due to my limited knowledge about Chinese culture and norms. I see immense opportunity with regards to bringing a radical change in the organization so as to rectify the tainted image of the company. In the change process, the single largest issue is to deal with resistance of employees to change. In this regard, my ability to forge personal equation with the people around can be leveraged so that their apprehensions could be overcome and additionally motivation for change could also be provided. Further, in order to manage the reputation of the company, CSR activities are required and I could prove to be a harbinger of sorts in this regard due of my strong value inclination as demonstrated during my work experience. However, there is always the threat that such a turnaround may not come even though a high capital is involved in various marketing initiatives. With regards to change also, able support would be required on multiple fronts to make the process success and if that support is fragile or non-existent, then it may be frustration on my part and losses for the company. PEST Analysis Individuals performance is dependent on the influence of external factors the opportunities gets converted into threats, these external influences can be analyzed through PEST. Political factors : The lack of civil liberties in China tends to have effect on the work conditions and personal freedom. Economic factors : The high economic growth that China has witnessed coupled with rising purchasing power of customers provides excellent opportunity for professional growth. Social factors : The society has certain inherent traditional conservative norms that it needs to adhere to, which acted as a weakness. Technological factors : China is highly technologically advanced country, which has all the features of the Westernized world. while working their this factor acted as a strength for me. Critical Self-Assessment Every day in the organizational set-up there are various modes of communication that an individual has to face. At Mc Donalds regular corporate email from head office communicates regarding the strategies that the company is adopting in order to meet their revenue generation goals. Following these practices determines my personal fit and other employees within the organizational cultural set-up. These revenue generation goals often needs to be attend by breach of the CSR norms that are followed by businesses. Conversation with senior managers and corporate artifacts reflects that unethical practices and deceptive marketing has become a part of the organizational culture(Boud, 2013). These practices are harmful for the long term sustainability of the business of Mc Donalds in China hence proper CSR norms needs to be adhered to and there needs to a proper organizational culture build such that these practices can be adopted. In order to initiate the change process, as a manager the rol e of a transformational leader needs to be adopted. As of now the path followed as a manger was mostly transaction leadership style that followed head office and corporate office orders. The various shareholders of the organization has a mental bend of mind only to reap profits from the business established without considering the effects that the business make on the society(Tsui, 2006). The current mental framework of mine, made it difficult to convince them to consider ethical bends in business. But with sheer determination and proper decision making it is imperative to persuade the shareholders to agree to the broader business objectives. Once the shareholders and senior individuals of the business are convinced it will be easier to adopt proper norms to conduct business and build effective relationship with the stakeholders of the business. It will be easier to manage, motivate and lead employees to follow the goals determined and to set broader business objectives(Baer, 2006). Suppliers and vendors who are external stakeholders of the business will also develop greater value and respect for the business, hence might offer competitive rates. In order to be an effective and to convince all the internal stakeholders of the business especially employees, it is important to address their culturally diverse ethnic set-up. A successful individual is one who follows geo-centric approach in managing and handling operations overseas. China is a country that has stringent social laws and bindings and employees to a certain extent follows the same set-up in their work field as well. Some of the basic norms for Chinese are respect for elders and senior members of the society, able to work under pressure and so on. These facts and other social norms as well as values need to be kept in mind prior to adopting any step in the regional office(Bennett, 2011). An awareness regarding all these facets was not present earlier and needs to be developed. Self-Improvement In order to establish one-self as a successful individual in business and to be able to transform the business in a positive way certain improvements are necessary. Corporate office practices and norms affect individuals and their behaviors and influence them to follow the same pattern. Hence it is often seen to be difficult to overcome such practices and adopt newer norms and practices in businesses. Due to imposition of corporate office practices it becomes imperative to follow similar decision making practices in individual offices(Kurman, 2006). In Mc Donalds case an outlet in China needs to follow and adhere to corporate norms and practices as followed by head office of the company is U.S.A. Therefore in order to change deceptive marketing practices at Chinese headquarters and to adopt ethical strategies shareholders of the business needs to be convinced. I needed to convince shareholders to alter their decision making criteria and pattern such that CSR norms can be adopted in Chinese markets. The shareholders needs to be convinced on grounds that China offers a huge potential market for Mc Donalds and resorting to deceptive marketing practices and unethical norms will damage the companys reputation and brand name in the market. This will lead to loss in market share for the company to the competitors, hence the company needs to adopt marketing practices that Chinese view as having positive impacts on them rather than negative. Once shareholders are ready to follow new practices and to offer premium quality products and services in the Chinese markets then fellow employees can easily be convinced regarding the new norms(Sedikides, 2009). A transformational leader along with servant leadership skills needs to be demonstrated to fellow employees such as to prove that it is possible to adhere to ethical norms and generate revenues. Employees need to be made aware of the various positive effects of CSR and ethical marketing. Cultural awareness needs to be adopted within individuals so as to develop respect for the Chinese counterparts and motivate them accordingly. Conclusion Individuals in every organization has an integral role to play in its conduct and results. However, individuals are often governed by various pressures and influences from organizational existing cultural framework of politics, dynamism and other factors. It is the personality and persona of individuals that is able to lead the organization in a positive direction. The growing awareness amongst consumers and concerns in ethics have forced individuals in various organizations to form a code of conduct through which business is able to have positive influence on the society and community where it performs. The case of Mc Donalds in China has been discussed here, which faces great scandal of food scare and issues in deceptive marketing. An individual through his personal capabilities is able to transform the organization and its employees such that it has a positive impact on the Chinese market and is able to grow further in the future. As a manager SOWT analysis has been done and sever al self-criticism along with improvement tools has been suggested which can be applied. The self-improvement tool of convincing shareholders and senior leaders within the organization to adopt ethical code of conduct can help create organizational sustainability and re-establish the brand name in the market again for the company. References America, C. (Retrieved on 20 th August, 2016). Affected companies in China's food scare. https://www.cctv-america.com/2014/07/21/food-safety-scandal-rocks-fast-food-giants-in-china. Baer, R. A. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 27-45. Balthazard, P. A. (2006). Dysfunctional culture, dysfunctional organization: Capturing the behavioral norms that form organizational culture and drive performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 709-732. Bennett, R. E. (2011). Formative assessment: A critical review. . Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy Practice, 5-25. Boud, D. (2013). Enhancing learning through self-assessment. Routledge. Buttles, T. (2006). Personal SWOT analysis: A tool to facilitate student reflection. . In Poster presented at the 2006 American Association of Agricultural Educators North Central Region Meeting, Ames, IA. Retrieved from www. uwsa. edu/opid/abstracts/wtf05-06_Buttles. pdf. Forbes. (Retrieved on 20th August, 2016). Mc Donald's China price cut. https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2014/07/21/mcdonalds-kfc-snagged-by-new-food-safety-scandal-in-china/#1e5e05254af6. Hansen, R. S. (2007). Using a SWOT analysis in your career planning. Kurman, J. (2006). Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ enhancement, selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ regulation and selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ improvement following failures. British Journal of Social Psychology, 339-356. Quast, L. (2013). How To Conduct A Personal SWOT Analysis. Sedikides, C. . (2009). Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ improvement. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 899-917. Tribune, D. (Retrived on 20th August, 2016). China meat scandal. https://archive.dhakatribune.com/business/2014/jul/23/china-meat-scandal-spreads-japan. Tsui, A. S. (2006). Organizational culture in China: An analysis of culture dimensions and culture types. . Management and Organization Review, 345-376. Witkowski, T. H. (2007). Food marketing and obesity in developing countries: analysis, ethics, and public policy. . Journal of Macromarketing, 126-37.